Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata aphorism: ‘from these, consciousness’ (tebhyaś caitanyam)

Once flourishing in the early medieval India, the materialist Cārvāka/Lokāyata tradition of philosophy vanished centuries ago leaving mere bits from their foundational sūtra, and from a few commentaries thereon. These are scattered in the works of their opponents, hence the winding path to reconstructing the Cārvāka/Lokāyata thought necessarily begins with evaluating the reliability of the source material. This paper deals with the problem of the brief account of two interpretations of the Cārvāka/Lokāyata aphorism: ‘from these, consciousness’, recorded by the 8th-century Buddhist authors Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla in the Lokâyata-parīkṣā Chapter XXII of the Tattva-saṅgraha(-pañjikā), critically edited by the author of the present paper.