The first finding of Hyalomma rufipes in Poland in 2024: the promising start of a citizen science project

Background: Hyalomma spp. ticks play a crucial role as vectors for the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Hyalomma spp. larvae and nymphs are transported via migratory birds to temperate regions of Europe from Africa, the Middle East, and Mediterranean areas. Recently, the emergence of adult ticks has been documented in numerous countries where they were previously not reported. This study aimed to monitor the potential occurrence of Hyalomma spp. ticks in Poland using a citizen science project. Methods: A dedicated website was created through which volunteers could submit photos of unusual ticks. Between April and November 2024, more than 500 online submissions containing tick photos were received, 11 of which were identified as Hyalomma spp. ticks. In addition, we received 65 parcels containing ticks, including four Hyalomma spp. ticks (of 11 online submissions). Amplification and sequencing of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox 1) was successfully performed for all received specimens. Results: Hyalomma spp. ticks were recorded in different regions of Poland, and most records were from the Greater Poland and Silesia regions, in Western and Southwestern Poland, respectively. Two of the identified specimens were morphologically and molecularly characterized as Hyalomma rufipes, while another two were identified as Hyalomma marginatum. Conclusions: The citizen science project enabled the confirmation of occurrence of adult Hyalomma spp. ticks in Poland, identifying a new hazard for human and animal health.