Teoria diakryzy językowej Franciszka Gruczy

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Franciszek Grucza’s theory of diacrisis and datectics as cognitive processes constituting language. Unlike structuralist and generative approaches, the theory conceptualises language not as an autonomous system but as an emergent result of operations of differentiation and integration performed by language users. The comparison with Saussure and Chomsky demonstrates fundamental epistemological differences, emphasising the dynamic and userbased construction of linguistic categories. While diacrisis was not originally intended to be the main object of F. Grucza’s early monograph, it became one of the fundamental conceptual instruments through which he demonstrated the necessity of distinguishing multiple planes of linguistic structuring and the coexistence of several types of differentiation and identification processes occurring across these planes. By linking the structuralist elements of F. Grucza’s early theory with his later anthropocentric perspective, particularly his understanding of language as knowledge inherent to individuals, the article demonstrates the continuing relevance of diacrisis for contemporary studies of language and multilingual cognition.