Ostateczne ubóstwo. Historia i historiozofia średniowiecznych spirytuałów

Spiritual Franciscans (or Fraticellis) were a movement formed in the middle of the 12th century within the Franciscan order. The movement exerted a major influence on the spiritual, intellectual, cultural and political life of the late Middle Ages. Spiritual Franciscans' most important representatives include Pietro di Giovanni Olivi, Angelo da Clareno and Ubertino of Casale. Fraticellis, while drawing on the fundamental aspects of Joachim of Fiore's philosophy of history, combined them with their Franciscan experience of radical poverty, giving them a new, deeper dimension. Thus they created an original theology of history on the grounds of which they uncovered the social dimensions of the world's ages, developed their conception of the Messiah's three comings, pondered the question of changes that Christianity will undergo upon the transition to the Age of the Spirit, depicted eschatological events, finally – discovered their own special historical role.