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Acute aquatic toxicity of sulfur mustard and its degradation products to Daphnia magna

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cris.lastimport.scopus2024-02-12T20:16:19Z
dc.abstract.enAfter World War II, conventional and chemical ammunition containing mainly secondary and primary explosives was dumped in the sea. Explosives have medium toxicity to aquatic organisms, earthworms and indigenous soil microorganisms. Therefore, environmental monitoring is required, especially for dumped munitions. The main aspect of this work was to analyse the samples of lumps and sediments taken from the Baltic seabed. These samples were potentially explosives. The main goal of the study was to identify the type and composition of studied materials. In order to determine the chemical composition of samples of explosives, we used as follows: GC–MS/MS, LC-HRMS and NMR. Additionally, to determine the energetic properties we performed microcalorimetric-thermogravimetric analysis. Based on the obtained results, the composition of this explosive was TNT (41%), RDX (53%), aluminium powder (5%), and degradation products (below 1%). The resulting composition indicates that the analysed material can be classified in the “torpex” family, widely used during World War II. Regarding the results of the microcalorimetric analysis, we can conclude that excavated fragments of explosives are in very good condition and they still can detonate after being initiated. Therefore, there is a threat that they could be used for criminal or terrorist purposes.
dc.affiliationUniwersytet Warszawski
dc.contributor.authorSanderson, Hans
dc.contributor.authorKotwicki, Lech
dc.contributor.authorBełdowski, Jacek
dc.contributor.authorCzub, Michał
dc.contributor.authorNawała, Jakub
dc.contributor.authorFABISIAK, Jacek
dc.contributor.authorDziedzic, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorPopiel, Stanisław
dc.contributor.authorMaszczyk, Piotr
dc.contributor.authorBrzeziński, Tomasz
dc.date.accessioned2024-01-24T15:38:09Z
dc.date.available2024-01-24T15:38:09Z
dc.date.copyright2020-08-12
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.accesstimeAT_PUBLICATION
dc.description.financePublikacja bezkosztowa
dc.description.versionFINAL_PUBLISHED
dc.description.volume161
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2020.105077
dc.identifier.issn0141-1136
dc.identifier.urihttps://repozytorium.uw.edu.pl//handle/item/100219
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113620302026?via%3Dihub
dc.languageeng
dc.pbn.affiliationbiological sciences
dc.relation.ispartofMarine Environmental Research
dc.relation.pages105077
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.subject.enchemical warfare agents
dc.subject.enSulfur mustard
dc.subject.enCWA degradation Products
dc.subject.enSea dumped CWAs
dc.subject.enAquatic environmental toxicity
dc.titleAcute aquatic toxicity of sulfur mustard and its degradation products to Daphnia magna
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication