The cognitive effects of ADHD on learning an additional language

In recent years Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLDs) in the context of learning and teaching a foreign or second language, or an Additional Language (AL), have been widely discussed. The main focus has been given to dyslexia (e.g., Kormos, 2017; Kormos & Smith, 2012; Łodej, 2016; Nijakowska, 2010) due to its frequent occurrence and evident manifestations in literacy development. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been discussed only to some extent and mainly in the comorbidity with dyslexia. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to discuss potential cognitive effects ADHD may have on the development of specific language skills in AL with a clear distinction between inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity to direct potential research in the field and to inform AL instruction. This paper also provides substantial information about ADHD in light of the recent change in its definition and classification.